تحلیلی بر رهیافت‌های سنجش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در نواحی شهری (مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر تهران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران

2 دانش‌آموخته دکترای جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

تغییرات آب­و­هوایی نتیجه فعالیت­های انسانی مثل مصرف سوخت‌های فسیلی و تغییرات کاربری زمین است. درحالی‌که شهرها تنها 2 درصد مساحت کره زمین را اشغال می‌کنند، مسئول انتشار 71 تا 76 درصد دی‌اکسید کربن جهانی هستند. ازآنجاکه الگوی تولید و مصرف اقتصاد ایران برمبنای سوخت‌های فسیلی است، تمرکز جمعیت و فعالیت در کلان‌شهرها موجب افزایش مصرف این سوخت‌ها و انتشار متمرکز گازهای گلخانه‌ای شده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل و مقایسه رهیافت‌های تولید- مبنا و مصرف- مبنا در سنجش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای نواحی شهری و سپس اجرای آن‌ها در کلان‌شهر تهران است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی می‌باشد و داده‌ها از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای گردآوری‌شده‌اند. برای سنجش میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ای از راهنمای هیئت بین دولتی تغییرات آب‌وهوا 1995 استفاده‌شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، کلان‌شهر تهران و میزان مصرف انواع سوخت‌های فسیلی آن در یک بازه زمانی 11 ساله (1384 تا 1395) است. کلان‌شهر تهران به دلیل الگوی تولید، توزیع و مصرف بر مبنای سوخت‌های فسیلی و سبک زندگی مرتبط، سرانه بالایی در انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای دارد که آن را به بزرگ‌ترین کانون انتشار این گازها بدل کرده است.  نتایج محاسبات با خط‌مشی پنل بین دولتی درباره تغییرات آب‌وهوا (رهیافت تولید- مبنا) نشان‌دهنده افزایش سرانه انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن کلان‌شهر تهران در یک بازه زمانی 10 ساله است (سرانه 94/4 و 09/5 تن به ازای هر شهروند در سال‌های 1385 و 1395). همچنین با استفاده از رهیافت مصرف- مبنا، سرانه رد پای کربن هر شهروند تهرانی 77/7 تن در سال به دست آمد. درنهایت، سرانه انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن کلان‌شهر تهران با برخی از کلان‌شهرهای دنیا مقایسه شد که نتایج نشان می‌دهد که سرانه انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن تهران بالاتر از کلان‌شهرهای بزرگ و پرجمعیتی چون ریودوژانیرو، سئول، بانکوک، بوینس آیرس، هنگ کنگ و لندن است.



[1]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC 1995 guidelines)

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

An analysis of greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas: A case study of Tehran metropolis

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sedigheh Lotfi 1
  • Ali Mohammadnejad 2
1 Professor of Geography & Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanity and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran
2 PhD in Geography & Urban Planning, University of Shahid Beheshti
چکیده [English]

Climate change is the result of human activities such as fossil fuel consumption and land use changes. While cities occupy only two percent of the Earth surface, they account for 71 to 76 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions. Since the pattern of production and consumption in the Iranian economy is based on fossil fuels, the concentration of population and activity in metropolises has increased the consumption of these fuels and the centralized emission of greenhouse gases. The purpose of the present study is to analyze and compare production-based and consumption-based approaches for measuring greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas and then implementing them in Tehran metropolis. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data are collected through documentary studies. The 1995 IPCC guidelines are used to measure greenhouse gas emissions. The statistical population of the study is Tehran metropolis and its fossil fuel consumption in a period of 11 years (2005 to 2016). Tehran has high per capita emissions of greenhouse gases, which is due to its pattern of production, distribution and consumption based on fossil fuels and associated lifestyles. This has turned the city into the largest emitter of these gases. The results of calculations with the IPCC (Production-Based Approach) show a per capita increase in the CO2 emissions of Tehran over a 10-year period (4.94 and 5.09 tons per citizen in 2006 and 2016). Also, using a consumption-based approach, the per capita carbon footprint of each citizen emerges to be 7.77 tons per year. Finally, the carbon dioxide emissions per capita of the city is compared with some other metropolises in the world. The results show that the per capita emissions in Tehran are higher than in other large metropolitan areas such as Rio de Janeiro, Seoul, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Hong Kong and London.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Greenhouse gases
  • Production-based approach
  • Consumption-based approach
  • Tehran metropolis

مراجع

Bai, X. (2007). Industrial ecology and the global impacts of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2),1–6.
Barati, N., and Sardareh, A. (2013). Effects of urban form on automobile dependency and energy consumption in Tehran residential regions. Journal of Bagh-e-Nazar, 10 (26), 3 – 12. (in Farsi).
Betsill, M., and Bulkeley, H. (2007) ‘Looking back and thinking ahead: A decade of cities and climate change research’. Local Environment, 12(5), 447–456.
Colenbrander, S., Gouldson, A., Roy, J., Kerr, N., Sarkar, S., Hall, S., Sudmant, A., Ghatak, A., Chakravarty, D., Ganguly, D., and Mcanulla, F. (2017). Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India. Environment & Urbanization, 29 (1),139–158.
Davis, S.J and Caldeira, K. (2010). Consumption-based accounting of CO2 emissions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 107, 5687–5692.
DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (2012). What is adaptation? Department for Environment. Food and Rural Affairs website. Available via http://www.defra. gov.uk/environment/climate/adaptation/what.htm. Cited Feb 2010
Department of environment. (2014). An overview of greenhouse gas emissions inventory calculation. Tehran: National Climate Change Office. (in Farsi).
Dhakal, S. (2004). Urban Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Asian Mega-Cities: Policies for Sustainable Future, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Japan.
Ewing, R., K. Bartholomew, S. Winkelman, J. Walters and D. Chen. (2008). Growing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change, Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC.
Fan, J.L., Hou, Y.B., Wang, Q., Wang, C., Wei, Y.M. (2016). Exploring the characteristics of production-based and consumption-based carbon emissions of major economies: A multiple dimension comparison. Appl. Energy, 184, 790–799.
Franchetti, M., and Apul, D. (2013). Carbon footprint analysis: concepts, methods, implementation and case studies, CRC Press: Taylor & Francis Group. First edition.
Hafeznia, M. (2010). Research method in humanities, Tehran: Samt publication. (in Farsi).
Hertwich, E., and Peters G. (2009). ‘Carbon footprint of nations: A global, trade-linked analysis’, Environmental Science & Technology, 43(16), 6414–6420.
IEA. (2012). World Energy Outlook 2012. Paris: International Energy Agency (IEA). 668 Pages.
(IPCC) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Chapter 8, Urban Areas. 113 pages.
Jiang, L. and Hardee K. (2009). ‘How do recent population trends matter to climate change’. Population Research and Policy Review, 30 (2), 287-312.
Jakob, M., Steckel, J.C., Edenhofer, O. (2014). Consumption- versus production-based emission policies. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ, 6, 297–318.
Mayor of London. (2007). Action Today to Protect Tomorrow: The Mayor’s Climate Change Action Plan, Greater London Authority, London.
Mehrotra, S., B. Lefevre, R. Zimmerman, H. Gerçek, K. Jacob, S. Srinivasan. (2011). Climate change and urban transportation systems. Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network, C. Rosenzweig, W. D. Solecki, S. A. Hammer, S. Mehrotra, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 145–177.
Mohammadnejad, A and Sarrafi, M. (2014). Mitigating Global Climate Change and Urban planning Implications: A Problem Statement for Tehran Metropolis. Journal of Environmental Sciences,  12 (1), 35-48. (in Farsi).
National Iranian Oil Product Distribution Company, Statistics of energy-producing oil products, Tehran: National Iranian Oil Product Distribution Company publishing, from 2007 to 2016. (in Farsi).
-North, P., Nurse, A., and Barker, T. (2017). The neo-liberalization of climate? Progressing climate policy under austerity urbanism. Environment and Planning A, 49(8), 1797–1815.
Pandey, D., Agrawal., Pandey, J.S. (2011). Carbon footprint: current methods of estimation. Environ Monit Assess, 178, 135–160.
Peters, G. (2008) ‘From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories. Ecological Economics, 65(1), 13–23.
Radu., L, Scrieciu., A., Caracota, M. (2013). Carbon Footprint Analysis: Towards a Projects Evaluation Model for Promoting Sustainable Development. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 353– 363.
Rezaei, F., Falahatkar, S., Dadashpoor, H. (2018). Quantifying the relationship between carbon dioxide emission in relation to the compactness dimension of urban form. Journal of Environmental Sciences,  16 (2), 31 - 48. (in Farsi).
Satterthwaite, D. (2009). ‘The implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change’. Environment and Urbanization, 21(2), 545–567.
Satterthwaite, D. (2010). The Contribution of Cities to Global Warming and their Potential Contributions to Solutions. Environment and Urbanization, 1(1),1–12.
Spivak J. Top 10 Global Cities with Lowest Greenhouse Gas Emissions, http://urbanland. uli.org/articles/2011/nov/spivakglobal, (accessed: November 17, 2011).
Tehran city statistics, Tehran Information and Communication Technology Organization. Tehran: Information and Communication Technology Organization Publishing; 2006, .2009 and 2016. (in Farsi).
Tehran Urban Planning and Research Center, (2011). Tehran City State of Environment, Deputy of studies and planning for infrastructure and comprehensive plan. Tehran Urban Planning and Research Center publishing. (in Farsi).
Tehran Urban Planning and Research Center, (2013). Tehran City State of Environment, Deputy of studies and planning for infrastructure and comprehensive plan. Tehran Urban Planning and Research Center publishing. (in Farsi).
Tu, Yong. (2018). Urban debates for climate change after the Kyoto Protocol. Urban Studies, 55(1), 3–18.
UNEP, (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, Accessible: www.unep.org/greeneconomy
UNEP, UN-Habitat and World Bank, (2010). Draft International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, presented at 5th World Urban Forum, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, March 2010, www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ InternationalStd-GHG.pdf, last accessed 6 October 2010.
UN Habitat, (2011). Cities and climate change, Global report on human settlements, First published by Earthscan, London & Washington, DC.
UN Habitat. (2016). World cities report 2016: Urbanization and Development, Emerging Future. Nairobi, Kenya.
UN Habitat. (2017). Sustainable urbanization in the Paris agreement, comparative review for urban content in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Nairobi, October 2017.
VandeWeghe, J. R. and Kennedy, C. (2007). A spatial analysis of residential greenhouse gas emissions in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), 133–144.
Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. E. (1996). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Gabriola Iisland, BC: New Society Publishers.
Wackernagel, M., Kitzes J., Moran, D., Goldfinger S., and Thomas, M. (2006). The ecological footprint of cities and regions: Comparing resource availability with resource demand. Environment and Urbanization, 18(1), 103–112.
World Bank. (2016). Climate change action plan 2016 – 2020, World Bank, Washington, DC.
کاوش های جغرافیایی مناطق بیابانی
دوره 8، شماره 1
شهریور 1399
صفحه 133-166

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار